Có hàng trăm loại pho mát với đặc tính, chủng loại, nguồn gốc khác nhau trên thế giới. Nếu phân biệt bằng tên gọi cụ thể thì không kể xiết. Nhưng có thể phân biệt dựa trên tính chất đặc trưng của các nhóm.
CHEESE – FROMAGE – PHO MÁT- PHÔ MAI
Bỏ qua tên gọi chung là Cheese – Fromage – Pho mát – Phô mai đều được cả. Chúng ta thấy Pho mát là một thế giới riêng, sản phẩm là kết quả của một loạt phản ứng sinh hóa.
Do người Ai Cập phát minh từ năm 3100 BC ( Truyền thuyết kể về việc vô tình đựng sữa cừu trong một dạ dày cừu)
Để tạo thành sản phẩm pho mát nói chung, công đoạn chính là:
→ Sữa lên men và tạo đông các loại casein sữa, kết hợp với hoạt chất rennet – ( Nguyên thủy là chất lấy ra từ dạ dày của loài nhai lại như dê, cừu, trâu, bò…)
→ Cho vào khuôn ép để ủ tùy theo loại phomai cần sản xuất.
→ Đóng gói và bảo quản
Có hơn 2000 loại pho mát trên thế giới được phân biệt gồm các loại sau:
+ Extra-hard Cheese (rất cứng)
+ Hard cheese (cứng)
+ Semi-hard cheese ( cứng tương đối)
+ Semi-solf cheese ( mềm tương đối)
+ Solf cheese ( mềm)
1. Extra-hard Cheese (Pho mát rất cứng):
– Được sản xuất từ sữa gầy
– Độ béo và độ ẩm thấp
– Quy trình ủ: 12-36 tháng
– Sản xuất chính ở: Mỹ & Argentina
– Giá bán thuộc nhóm phomai rất đắt trên thế giới.
2. Hard Cheese (pho mát cứng)
– Có màu vàng nhạt hoặc ngà trắng
– Thường được ủ từ 9-24 tháng
– Độ béo và độ ẩm cao hơn so với extra – hard cheese
– Thường được bọc lớp màng thực phẩm paraffin wax ( Edam & Gouda)
– Độ béo khoảng 11%
3. Semi- Hard Cheese (pho mát cứng tương đối)
– Có màu vàng nhạt hoặc ngà trắng
– Có độ ẩm và độ béo cao, làm từ sữa bò hoặc sữa dê
– Có độ tan chảy trung bình và mùi nhẹ.
– Thường ở dạng hình khối nhưng không cứng
– Thường được hút chân không.
– Ủ từ 3- 18 tháng
4. Semi – Soft Cheese (pho mát mềm tương đối)
Có màu trắng đến màu ngà vàng tùy theo chế độ ăn uống của trâu/bò/dê.
Có độ béo cao, độ ẩm nhiều và dẻo
Có mùi nhẹ.
Loại tươi chỉ bảo quản được 1 tuần, loại đã qua quá trình tách nước ( mozzarella) để được 6 tuần.
5. Soft Cheese (pho mát mềm)
Độ béo 33-40%, độ ẩm cao
Rất dễ tan chảy và có mùi thơm nhẹ
Là sản phẩm tạo nên khi thêm phụ gia vào quá trình tách kem ra khỏi sữa.
Sản phẩm tươi, bảo quản ngắn.
Kỳ sau mình sẽ nói tiếp về những ứng dụng của từng loại trong nấu ăn và làm bánh nhé!
Tác giả bài viết: Thanh Tin
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